SecurityArena

Protocols

ARP  The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the method for finding a host's link layer (hardware) address when only its Internet Layer (IP) or some other Network Layer address is known.
RARP  Reverse ARP is used when link layer (hardware) address is known and RARP request is broadcasted to find the IP address. It was used in mainframe environments. RARP evolved to BOOTP and BOOTP to DHCP.
BOOTP  It can receive a diskless computers IP address from a server.
DHCP  A computer depends upon a server to assign it the right IP address.
Masquerading attack.    An attacker alter a system’s ARP table so that it contains incorrect information (ARP table poisoning).
ICMP  The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is chiefly used by networked computers' operating systems to send error messages indicating, for instance, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached.
ICMP relies on IP to perform its tasks, and it is an integral part of IP. It differs in purpose from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is typically not used to send and receive data between end systems. It is usually not used directly by user network applications, with some notable exceptions being the ping tool and traceroute.

STP  The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. In the OSI model for computer networking, STP falls under the OSI layer-2. Spanning tree allows a network design to include spare (redundant) links to provide automatic backup paths if an active link fails, without the danger of bridge loops, or the need for manual enabling/disabling of these backup links. Bridge loops must be avoided because they result in flooding the network. The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), is defined in the IEEE Standard 802.1D.

Source routing  It allows a sender of a packet to specify the route the packet takes through the network. With source routing the entire path to the destination is known to the sender and is included when sending data.
In the Internet Protocol, two header options are available which are rarely used: "strict source and record route" (SSRR) and "loose source and record route" (LSRR). Due to security concerns, packets marked LSRR are frequently blocked on the Internet. If not blocked, LSRR can allow an attacker to spoof its address but still successfully receive response packets.